Buddhist practices make inroads in the US

·期刊原文

Buddhist practices make inroads in the US

by Daniel B Wood

Christian Science Monitor

Vol. 89 No. 237 1997.11.03, P.9

Copyright by Christian Science Monitor

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Many Individuals Join Meditating Groups While Still Maintaining Ties To
Their Traditional Faiths

Dateline: MALIBU, CALIF.

At 7 p.m. every Tuesday, Ann Buck strides to the center of her beachside
Malibu porch deck, cradling a small brass bowl in her left hand.

At her feet, anywhere from 15 to 30 men and women sit upright on round
cushions and miniature benches, facing the crashing waves. Buck raises a
tiny wooden mallet with her right hand and chimes the bowl once, twice,
three times: group meditation has begun.

Known as "sanghas," or small communities of spiritual seekers who meditate
together regularly, informal groups like this are where increasing numbers
of Americans are experiencing their first brush with Buddhism.

"Americans who want a comfortable setting to try Buddhist practices without
abandoning their own religion or buying into a whole new set of beliefs are
getting their feet wet in sitting groups," says Sharon Salzberg, cofounder
of the Barre Center for Buddhist Studies in Massachusetts. "They want to
experience something that might be practical ... without feeling like they
have to shave their head or wear a saffron robe into a temple," she says.

These individuals are part of a larger trend being reported by observers of
all faiths. Fed by a desire for more satisfying and less materialistic
lives, many are pursuing individual spirituality beyond conventional
notions of religiosity and churchgoing.

"If the focus of the 20th century has been on outer space, the focus of the
21st century may well be on inner space," says pollster George Gallup,
whose firm has been tracking the rise of interest in spirituality in
American society.

Within the past decade, the number of English language Buddhist teaching
centers coast to coast has grown from 429 to more than 1,166. Sociologists
estimate that the number of informal sitting groups has grown to three to
five times that.

The overall statistics are still small compared with mainstream American
religions. Sociologists estimate that from 600,000 to 1 million Americans
of Jewish and Christian background utilize Buddhist practices. This does
not include the large percentage of Asian immigrants and their children who
practice Buddhism.

Dealing with busy lives

The participants in sanghas range from those struggling with busy lives to
members of 12-step groups for drug, alcohol, and other addictions. They may
include disaffected members of other faiths, as well as those who want to
supplement traditional American religious upbringings with other meditative
tools.

"People feel Buddhist practices offer them a credible alternative to
mainstream churches because they focus on particular spiritual
methodologies which they feel can help them in their daily lives," says
Mark Muesse, a professor of religion at Rhodes College in Memphis, Tenn. In
contrast to some Buddhist practice in Asia, he says, Americans focus more
on techniques that help concentration and stillness than they do on the
esoteric theologies that surround these practices.

Unlike the rush of mostly younger Americans to Buddhism that occurred in
the 1950s and 1960s, the new ranks include a large percentage of seekers
over 50. The current interest also appears less faddish, according to some
observers.

"We have seen a steady increase across all areas of about 20 percent per
year for 12 years," says Jeff Cox, president of Snow Lion Publications,
which produces Tibetan Buddhist titles that include history, women, and
travel in addition to meditation. To him, he says, "that signals a
continued interest that is here to stay."

The globalization of world culture and a cross-fertilization of Eastern and
Western spiritual disciplines have also contributed to interest in
Buddhism. That is reflected in popular books that range from "The Good
Heart, A Buddhist Perspective on the Teachings of Jesus," to "The Jew in
the Lotus: A Poet's Rediscovery of Jewish Identity in Buddhist India."

Meanwhile, the practice of meditation has been a factor in the rise of
mind/body medicine. Studies with meditators in the 1960s showed that
positive physiological responses resulted directly from meditation and
prayer. Study of the developing mind/body discipline is increasingly
finding a place in medical schools and hospital wards.

Eastern teachings have also hit mainstream America in the form of books
about sports ("Sacred Hoops," by Chicago Bulls' coach Phil Jackson) and the
American workplace ("Zen at Work: A Zen Teacher's 30-year Journey in
Corporate America," by Les Kaye). An increasing number of magazines and the
Internet offer information on meditative techniques, ways to find teachers,
go on extended retreats, and form sitting groups.

"Everything has changed in Buddhist America," writes sociologist Don
Morreale on a Buddhism-related Web site. "At retreats, you're likely to
find yourself sitting next to a stockbroker or a therapist or a retired
social worker who may or may not claim to be a Buddhist."

Such is the case at Ann Buck's Tuesday night sangha. Ninety minutes after
her first three chimes, Buck repeats the gesture and her sitting-porch
contingent circles informally in her candlelit living room. Representing a
wide range of ages, job descriptions, and spiritual faiths - some lapsed,
some not - each will speak in turn about personal experiences and concerns.

"I have learned a process that helps me keep from getting caught up in
daily frustrations, depressions, and anger," says Shera Raisen, a young
doctor who grew up Jewish and still attends synagogue regularly. Like many
Americans experimenting with Buddhist practices, Ms. Raisen has not
abandoned her faith, but rather supplements it with techniques she learned.

Many branches

Those who investigate Buddhism further encounter a choice of paths with
exotic-sounding names: Mahayana (including Zen), Theravada (a school which
includes the technique of vipassana), and Vajrayana (Tibetan).

In Zen Buddhism, one of the most austere branches, adherents employ the
primary tools of sitting meditation, "following the breath" and stilling
the mind. Practiced mostly in Japan and China, a subsect uses riddles known
as koans ("What is the sound of one hand clapping?") to steer practitioners
into new modes of awareness. Theravadan vipassana meditation asks students
to be aware of thoughts and bodily sensations as a way of showing their
impermanent nature, and to free adherents from too closely identifying with
them.

Colorful ceremony

Tibetan Buddhism is most often characterized as employing colorful
ceremony, chanting, and visualizations. In keeping with a trend that is
cutting across all religions, in which religious seekers pursue the more
affective side of spiritual practice, Tibetan Buddhism is currently
attracting more attention than the others.

One reason many from Christian and Jewish faiths augment their spiritual
life with Buddhist practices, say scholars, is that Buddhism, while not
monotheistic, accepts the idea of a divine force.

"Buddhism properly understood doesn't really rule God out," says Robert
Thurman, professor of Indo-Tibetan-Buddhist studies at Columbia University
in New York. "The idea of a God force or a divine force is perfectly
compatible with most types of Buddhism."

Sociologists also note that, partly because of firsthand experiences as
well as books and other publications, the concerns that associated Buddhism
with escapist philosophies in the hippie 1960s seem to have subsided.

"I am now teaching the sons and daughters of practicing American Buddhists
and teachers," says Lisa Hallstrom, who teaches a course on Buddhism in
America at Mt. Holyoke College in South Hadley, Mass. "That has created a
huge level of acceptance and exposure."

That acceptance may also stem from increased scrutiny by adherents in the
wake of scandals concerning alcoholism and seduction of students that
surfaced after Buddhism's first big wave in America. More information now
exists about the pitfalls of choosing teachers, as well as exploring
uncharted mental territories.

The incidents may also accelerate the relaxation of hierarchical, monastic
structure - typical of many Asian forms of Buddhism - that could make the
American brand of Buddhism unique. "That means it will become more
democratized, and individualized and less open to corruption from above,"
says Ann Robbins, a historian in Santa Monica, Calif.

Another sign of strengthening American roots may lie in "engaged Buddhism,"
which, adherents say, tries to translate Buddhist principles into social
action. Participants such as Roshi Bernie Glassman have opened Zen centers
for the homeless in New York City. Others are working with the elderly and
in hospices, as well such issues as nuclear armaments.

PHOTO (COLOR): QUIET MOMENTS; Ann Buck leads her sitting group at her home
in Malibu, Calif. After meditating, participants will discuss experiences
and concerns informally.